GAMBLING IN AUSTRALIA – Why do some people develop gambling addictions while others can dabble for years at the pokies or the track without issue?
The Productivity Commission’s 2010 report on gambling estimates more than 100,000 people in Australia suffer from severe gambling problems. This is in line with the US and Canada, where similar gambling opportunities are available.
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Our understanding of gambling addiction has advanced rapidly in recent years. Older Freudian conceptions of gambling problems – essentially, that they stem from a repressed sexual impulse or a desire to “punish” oneself – are yielding to more likely social explanations.
A relatively new theory, from the early 2000s, the Four Es, identifies four psychological factors that put people at increased risk of becoming a problem gambler: esteem, excitement, excess and escape. This theory sheds some light on the psychological make-up of the problem gambler; so let’s look at these points one by one.
1) Esteem
Problem gamblers are likely to have low self-esteem and a sense of self-loathing.
Robert L. Custer, the American psychiatrist who was instrumental in getting “Disordered Gambling” recognised as a psychiatric disorder in 1980, described the pathological gambler as someone who wants to “relieve some kind of psychic pain”.
Whether the problem gambler wins or loses doesn’t matter, he said – it’s being in the game that relieves the pain. Gambling eases the burden of self-loathing and allows the people betting to engage in a fantasy world of imagined wins, financial success and social acceptance.
People who agree with survey questions such as “the things I say and do are foolish” and “I am miserable to be around” are much more likely than others to suffer from gambling problems.
Ironically, the burden of gambling debt ultimately fuels players’ low opinions of themself.
2) Excitement
Research shows people with gambling problems are more likely than others to become bored with day-to-day life. The wins of gambling are exciting and the “action” of play makes it attractive to problem gamblers.
3) Excess
Problem gamblers tend to act without thinking about the long-term consequences, and this mindlessness extends to other areas of their lives.
They often drink too much, smoke too much and eat too much.
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Young men are much more likely to engage in risky gambling than either women or older males. A recent small study of gambling among Sydney-area adolescents, for example, showed 6.7% (or 17 students) had gambling problems, and all were boys. This gender difference may be attributable to the fact young men are generally more impulsive, in part because of higher levels of testosterone.
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Although most of us can be described as “cognitive misers” – relying on mental shortcuts to solve everyday decisions – problem gamblers are especially unable or unwilling to control behaviour they know is harmful to themselves.
They’re more likely to agree with survey statements such as “I usually get into trouble because I don’t stop to think”. Moreover, agreement with these statements on mindlessness predicts increases in people’s gambling problems over time.
4) Escape
None of these psychological risks for gambling problems exists on its own – the need for escape may be the “worm at the core” of all these factors.
Most problem gamblers are conscious gambling is a convenient escape from the troubles that plague their lives – self loathing, boredom and social isolation.
Because gambling is an immediate relief from these negative feelings, problem gamblers are unwilling to inhibit their gambling: even when they know it will cause them more problems in the future. Gambling is a temporary escape from negative self-reflection.
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In one of our experiments, gamblers were asked to describe the things they didn’t like about themselves in a private audio recording. Then they played a poker machine (sometimes called “slot machines”, “fruit machines” or “pokies”).
When compared with a controlled condition where participants made no recording, people who had described themselves negatively bet faster, bet for longer and made larger bets, on average, during play.
So negative self-reflection has a direct impact on gambling behaviour, increasing gambling intensity as a way of escaping these intrusive negative feelings.
Gambling and the self
Gambling has short-term benefits and long-term costs. Except for a few high skill games, such as card-games and racing, gambling invariably produces long-term losses. Money is stolen, people are lied to, and savings are wasted in the pursuit of an unattainable dream.
Perhaps the best hope for rehabilitation of problem gamblers is for them to find a new and more productive means of attaining personal acceptance and social approval.
People with gambling problems should benefit from engaging in activities they enjoyed prior to their gambling, and connecting with people who give them a sense of acceptance.
In fact, the active ingredient of self-help groups, such as Gamblers Anonymous, may provide the sense of acceptance and approval that gambling once gave. But each person must work out for themselves which activities provide them with a greater sense of wellbeing.
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This is part three of The Conversation’s Gambling in Australia Series. Read part one: Gambling in Australian culture: more than just a day at the races; and part two: Promotion of gambling short-changes Australian sport … and its fans.